To authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against Iraq.
Whereas in 1990 in response to Iraq's war of aggression against
and illegal occupation of Kuwait, the United States forged a coalition
of nations to liberate Kuwait and its people in order to defend the
national security of the United States and enforce United Nations
Security Council resolutions relating to Iraq;
Whereas after the liberation of Kuwait in 1991, Iraq entered
into a United Nations sponsored cease-fire agreement pursuant to which
Iraq unequivocally agreed, among other things, to eliminate its
nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons programs and the means to
deliver and develop them, and to end its support for international
terrorism;
Whereas the efforts of international weapons inspectors, United
States intelligence agencies, and Iraqi defectors led to the discovery
that Iraq had large stockpiles of chemical weapons and a large scale
biological weapons program, and that Iraq had an advanced nuclear
weapons development program that was much closer to producing a nuclear
weapon than intelligence reporting had previously indicated;
Whereas Iraq, in direct and flagrant violation of the
cease-fire, attempted to thwart the efforts of weapons inspectors to
identify and destroy Iraq's weapons of mass destruction stockpiles and
development capabilities, which finally resulted in the withdrawal of
inspectors from Iraq on October 31, 1998;
Whereas in 1998 Congress concluded that Iraq's continuing
weapons of mass destruction programs threatened vital United States
interests and international peace and security, declared Iraq to be in
`material and unacceptable breach of its international obligations' and
urged the President `to take appropriate action, in accordance with the
Constitution and relevant laws of the United States, to bring Iraq into
compliance with its international obligations' (Public Law 105-235);
Whereas Iraq both poses a continuing threat to the national
security of the United States and international peace and security in
the Persian Gulf region and remains in material and unacceptable breach
of its international obligations by, among other things, continuing to
possess and develop a significant chemical and biological weapons
capability, actively seeking a nuclear weapons capability, and
supporting and harboring terrorist organizations;
Whereas Iraq persists in violating resolutions of the United
Nations Security Council by continuing to engage in brutal repression
of its civilian population thereby threatening international peace and
security in the region, by refusing to release, repatriate, or account
for non-Iraqi citizens wrongfully detained by Iraq, including an
American serviceman, and by failing to return property wrongfully
seized by Iraq from Kuwait;
Whereas the current Iraqi regime has demonstrated its
capability and willingness to use weapons of mass destruction against
other nations and its own people;
Whereas the current Iraqi regime has demonstrated its
continuing hostility toward, and willingness to attack, the United
States, including by attempting in 1993 to assassinate former President
Bush and by firing on many thousands of occasions on United States and
Coalition Armed Forces engaged in enforcing the resolutions of the
United Nations Security Council;
Whereas members of al Qaida, an organization bearing
responsibility for attacks on the United States, its citizens, and
interests, including the attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001,
are known to be in Iraq;
Whereas Iraq continues to aid and harbor other international
terrorist organizations, including organizations that threaten the
lives and safety of American citizens;
Whereas the attacks on the United States of September 11, 2001,
underscored the gravity of the threat posed by the acquisition of
weapons of mass destruction by international terrorist organizations;
Whereas Iraq's demonstrated capability and willingness to use
weapons of mass destruction, the risk that the current Iraqi regime
will either employ those weapons to launch a surprise attack against
the United States or its Armed Forces or provide them to international
terrorists who would do so, and the extreme magnitude of harm that
would result to the United States and its citizens from such an attack,
combine to justify action by the United States to defend itself;
Whereas United Nations Security Council Resolution 678
authorizes the use of all necessary means to enforce United Nations
Security Council Resolution 660 and subsequent relevant resolutions and
to compel Iraq to cease certain activities that threaten international
peace and security, including the development of weapons of mass
destruction and refusal or obstruction of United Nations weapons
inspections in violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution
687, repression of its civilian population in violation of United
Nations Security Council Resolution 688, and threatening its neighbors
or United Nations operations in Iraq in violation of United Nations
Security Council Resolution 949;
Whereas Congress in the Authorization for Use of Military Force
Against Iraq Resolution (Public Law 102-1) has authorized the President
`to use United States Armed Forces pursuant to United Nations Security
Council Resolution 678 (1990) in order to achieve implementation of
Security Council Resolutions 660, 661, 662, 664, 665, 666, 667, 669,
670, 674, and 677';
Whereas in December 1991, Congress expressed its sense that it
`supports the use of all necessary means to achieve the goals of United
Nations Security Council Resolution 687 as being consistent with the
Authorization of Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution (Public
Law 102-1),' that Iraq's repression of its civilian population violates
United Nations Security Council Resolution 688 and `constitutes a
continuing threat to the peace, security, and stability of the Persian
Gulf region,' and that Congress, `supports the use of all necessary
means to achieve the goals of United Nations Security Council
Resolution 688';
Whereas the Iraq Liberation Act (Public Law 105-338) expressed
the sense of Congress that it should be the policy of the United States
to support efforts to remove from power the current Iraqi regime and
promote the emergence of a democratic government to replace that
regime;
Whereas on September 12, 2002, President Bush committed the
United States to `work with the United Nations Security Council to meet
our common challenge' posed by Iraq and to `work for the necessary
resolutions,' while also making clear that `the Security Council
resolutions will be enforced, and the just demands of peace and
security will be met, or action will be unavoidable';
Whereas the United States is determined to prosecute the war on
terrorism and Iraq's ongoing support for international terrorist groups
combined with its development of weapons of mass destruction in direct
violation of its obligations under the 1991 cease-fire and other United
Nations Security Council resolutions make clear that it is in the
national security interests of the United States and in furtherance of
the war on terrorism that all
relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions be enforced, including through the use of force if necessary;
Whereas Congress has taken steps to pursue vigorously the war on
terrorism through the provision of authorities and funding requested by
the President to take the necessary actions against international
terrorists and terrorist organizations, including those nations,
organizations or persons who planned, authorized, committed or aided
the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored
such persons or organizations;
Whereas the President and Congress are determined to continue
to take all appropriate actions against international terrorists and
terrorist organizations, including those nations, organizations or
persons who planned, authorized, committed or aided the terrorist
attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such persons
or organizations;
Whereas the President has authority under the Constitution to
take action in order to deter and prevent acts of international
terrorism against the United States, as Congress recognized in the
joint resolution on Authorization for Use of Military Force (Public Law
107-40); and
Whereas it is in the national security of the United States to
restore international peace and security to the Persian Gulf region:
Now, therefore, be it
What's interesting in reading this is how reasonable it sounds, even in defiance of what opponents of the Bush Administration say Bush had been saying. Which is to say that signers to this authorization claim that Bush says things that this bill doesn't stipulate.
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