Crack, Congress, and the Million Man March

It is time that crack cocaine laws change. Policymakers must have the courage to rationally reform them, and to directly confront issues of racial disparity. Perhaps the Millions More Movement can be the beginning of a grassroots catalyst that encourages those on Capitol Hill and in the White House to mend this “crack” in our justice system.

Nkechi Taifa states the painfully obvious that conservative apologists inexplicably refuse to touch at BlackCommentator

The 10th anniversary of the Million Man March also marks the 10th anniversary of a missed opportunity to dramatically reduce the number of African Americans in prison.

Bill Clinton, jokingly referred to as the “first black president,” could have made the decisive difference a decade ago by remedying one of the most notorious illustrations of disparity in the criminal justice system – the singling out of crack cocaine offenders for harsher punishment than powder cocaine offenders.

This sentencing law treats possession of just five grams of crack cocaine (the weight of five packets of sweet and low) the same as the trafficking of 500 grams of powder cocaine (about the weight of a one pound bag of sugar). In other words, one receives the same five year mandatory sentence for 5 grams of crack as for 500 grams of powder. But because powder cocaine can very easily be converted to crack, to punish crack cocaine offenses at a quantity ratio 100 times greater than its original powder form, is irrational.

Despite prevalent stereotypes, the majority of documented crack users are white. The “war on drugs,” however, has been primarily fought in inner-city black communities. This law enforcement policy has caused a disproportional number of low-level black drug abusers to be herded to prison under the crack laws, serving unreasonably harsh sentences.

On October 16, 1995, not coincidentally the day of the Million Man March, then President Clinton eloquently appealed for “fairness and equality” in a riveting address on race relations on a college campus, in which he stressed the need to “root out racism” from the criminal justice system.

Ironically, two days after that speech, the justice and equality that a million black men had marched to the steps of the Capitol to demand, was deferred. Congress voted against equalizing the quantities for the sentencing of crack and powder cocaine offenses.

This vote was suspect because lawmakers rejected the wisdom of their own bipartisan Sentencing Commission, which had meticulously researched and analyzed cocaine and federal sentencing policy over a two-year period. The Commission had come to the unanimous conclusion that the sentences for crack cocaine were too great and must be changed. Shamefully, out of over 500 recommendations submitted by the expert Commission since its inception, this was the first one Congress chose to ignore.

The ball was then in Mr. Clinton’s court. Congressional Black Caucus members pointedly appealed to the president to eradicate the disparity in cocaine sentencing. This was the first “test,” they declared, in the wake of the Million Man March, to prove he would “root out” unjust policies and practices. A coalition of civil rights groups at that time declared that eliminating this unjust law would have been “as easy as the stroke of a pen.” Unfortunately, Mr. Clinton failed to turn his eloquently delivered words on race relations into deeds, instead siding with the congressional majority and disregarding rationally based reform. And prisons continued to be built – and filled – throughout the 1990s.

Ten years have come and gone. Nearly a million black people are now in prison – largely because the harsh crack cocaine laws have remained unchanged. Politics, however, must not continue to drive sentencing policy. Now is the time for progressives and conservatives to join together to rectify the missed opportunity of the past. Congress must listen to the advice of its own Sentencing Commission, which concluded that revising this one law “would better reduce the gap [in sentencing between African Americans and other racial groups], and it would dramatically improve the fairness of the federal sentencing system.”

During the past decade the historic Million Man March has spawned several other national marches, including this past weekend’s Millions More Movement, pulling together not just men, but women, youth, and families as well. But the continuation of harsh and irrational sentencing laws is tearing these very families apart. These laws have thrust unprecedented numbers of women into the criminal justice system, subsequently terminating parental rights to their children. They have resulted in the warehousing of youth for prison terms at the beginning of their adulthood, creating in the process an epidemic of physical, mental, and public health issues. And those who manage to return to communities at the conclusion of decades-long sentences are confronted with staggering barriers to successful reintegration into society, oftentimes causing renewal of the same harmful cycles that put them in prison in the first place.

It is time that crack cocaine laws change. Policymakers must have the courage to rationally reform them, and to directly confront issues of racial disparity. Perhaps the Millions More Movement can be the beginning of a grassroots catalyst that encourages those on Capitol Hill and in the White House to mend this “crack” in our justice system.

Nkechi Taifa, Esq., is a Senior Policy Analyst with the Open Society Institute and an Adjunct Professor at Howard University School of Law.

http://www.blackcommentator.com/155/155_think_crack_congress_mmm_pf.html

Comments

[Temple3]

That was the day Clinton led an army of white folk out of DC and headed West. I remember getting up at about 5:30 in the morning and driving in to the city from a friends' home in Virginia. The only white folks I saw that day (with mild exaggeration) were working and wearing armor and packing heat. I suppose, given the President's hurried evacuation, that would have been a great day for us to seize the white house.

[The_DA]

Do you realize how few people are prosecuted by the feds for having 5 grams of crack? The feds are really only interested in dealers, and in Texas, there is no difference between crack and powder. I'm not saying that some have not been prosecuted federally for small quantities, but the number is quite small. The vast majority of people in prison are serving state, not federal sentences.

[cnulan]

State legislatures and the state, county and municipal prosecutors and police haven't taken any cues from the feds? hmm.., three strikes and related models would suggest otherwise.

Given the appetite they've shown for asset forfeiture revenues and prison-industrial development in the boonies, it would suprise me greatly to learn that disparate sentencing guidelines haven't trickled down nearly universally across states which which have turned disparate law enforcement into big business.

I'm open to whatever data you can provide to disprove Taifa's claims...,

[The_DA]

The crack disparity has little to do with forfeiture and three strikes. The argument about the crack disparity seems to center on the perception that crack is a "black" drug and powder is a "white" drug. Forfeiture is about taking the ill-gotten gains of Scarface the drug dealer. 3 strikes is about smacking people for failing to learn from their first two mistakes -- if you keep breaking into houses, what are we supposed to do with you -- there is no class to teach you not to do this.

I can only speak for what happens in Texas since that is where I prosecute. There are no sentencing guidlines here, just ranges of punishment. Here, cocaine is cocaine -- the only "breaks" you get are for marijuana and prescribed narcotics. (It takes a whole lot of weed and a whole lot of Vicodin to equal a small amount of cocaine or meth).

Because of budget issues, Texas prosecutors are under pressure to send FEWER people to prison because of over-crowding. I realize that we need a holistic approach to reducing crime, but when you beat down a black grandma to steal her TV, and that case comes across my desk, I am sending you to prison.

[cnulan]

If I hadn't spent a decade with the Treasury Dept and provided infrastructure support services to a number of Fed State drug task forces, I'd almost be inclined to believe you. But, I've seen the law enforcement cultural trickle down effect first hand, and besides which, I asked for data.

Here's some data germaine to understanding the phenonmenon of disparate law enforcement.